Oceanic Engineering and Marine Robots, AUVs

March 22, 2021

Oceanic engineers are researching and using technology to explore our ocean water in ways we have never been capable of in the past. In honor of World Water Day on March 22, we connected with IEEE member Bharath Kalyan, also a member of the IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society, to learn more about oceanic engineering and how marine robots, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVS) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), are being utilized to explore Earth’s bodies of water.

IEEE: What is something you find very interesting about your line of work?
Bharath Kalyan: I’m an oceanic engineer working on using marine robots to better understand our oceans. As we all know, about 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with water, and over 95% of the water is in our oceans. Although the ocean plays a critical role in everything from the air we breathe to daily weather and climate patterns, we know very little about it.

Furthermore, as the world increasingly turns to electrification to decarbonize, the demand for offshore renewable energy sources and offshore minerals has skyrocketed. With significant advances in underwater vehicular technology, sensing, communication and networking, it is possible to sense and observe the complex processes that drive the ocean environment and really understand our oceans.

IEEE: What do you wish more people knew about oceanic engineering?
BK: The term “marine robotics” is generally used to describe unmanned systems operating in marine environments, both surface and subsea.

ROVs, a class of tethered subsea systems, have established themselves as indispensable for offshore operations primarily for asset integrity management (e.g., offshore oil rigs, offshore windmills, floating solar platforms etc.).

AUVs, a class of free-swimming subsea vehicles, have become a recognized tool for seafloor mapping surveys (e.g., large-scale coral survey and reef management, deep-sea mineral surveys, etc.), and mine countermeasure operations for the navies worldwide.

types of auvs — Bharath Kalyan shares the anatomy and the different types of autonomous underwater vehicles used for oceanic engineering

IEEE: Can you explain the autonomy of underwater vehicles further?
BK: The autonomy of subsea underwater vehicles is dependent on the ability to navigate successfully within an environment without a need for human intervention. Navigation is a process of addressing 3 fundamental questions:

1. Where am I? (Localization)
2. Where am I going? (Mission Objective)
3. How do I get there? (Collision Avoidance and Path Planning)

Positioning (localization) is an important requirement for any type of mobile robot, but this is especially true for subsea vehicles as safe operations and recovery hinge on it.

Furthermore, for data gathered by a subsea underwater vehicle to be of any value, precise positioning information is essential. Unfortunately, the most commonly used positioning tool used by land and aerial vehicles, the global positioning system (GPS), does not work in subsea vehicles due to the strong attenuation of electromagnetic signals underwater.

Hence positioning of underwater vehicles is achieved through a combination of proprioceptive (internal: e.g., inertial measurement units, compass) sensing and exteroceptive (external: e.g., pressure sensor, acoustic navigation, bathymetric sonar, optical camera) sensing techniques.

IEEE: Specifically related to your own research, what are the main takeaways that you would like to share?
BK: During the past three decades the pace of subsea vehicles, more specifically AUV development, has increased substantially. A number of recent efforts have been undertaken globally to apply these technological developments into various application domain areas.

The industry partners and government agencies are playing an active role in deploying these vehicles for a variety of applications ranging from fisheries, coastal habitat management, environmental mapping, maritime surveillance and mine countermeasures to deep sea mineral exploration.

As evidenced by the increasing participation of the industry and academic community in IEEE/MTS OCEANS and IEEE AUV Symposia and Singapore AUV Challenge (SAUVC), there is a tremendous and growing global interest in sub-sea technology in general, and AUV technology in particular. The IEEE/MTS Global OCEANS 2020 virtual event included two special panels on autonomous systems that were extremely well received.

The next IEEE AUV symposium is planned to be held in Singapore in the third quarter of 2022 and we look forward to meeting researchers from the marine robotics community.