What is bi-directional charging?

Bi-directional charging refers to the ability to draw power from electric vehicles, either for home use, or on smart grids.

How does the development of underwater robots compare to moon rovers or Mars rovers?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Developing and operating robots underwater involves many tough challenges reminiscent of those required to operate the lunar or Mars rovers. In both cases, the robots must operate with limited, often non-robust communication capabilities. They must operate in harsh environments which are often less-known beforehand, and must be equipped to deal with complications arising in such environments. The terrain is also often not well-understood prior to the robot’s missions in both these cases."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":16777215},"10":2,"11":4,"15":"Arial"}">Developing and operating robots underwater involves many tough challenges reminiscent of those required to operate the lunar or Mars rovers. In both cases, the robots must operate with limited, often non-robust communication capabilities. They must operate in harsh environments which are often less-known beforehand, and must be equipped to deal with complications arising in such environments. The terrain is also often not well-understood prior to the robot’s missions in both these cases.

What are the benefits of dynamic charging?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Frequent charging on the road will allow car makers to reduce the size of batteries, and therefore cut the cost of the car while elongating the lifespan of batteries themselves. Batteries are happier when they are not discharged deeply."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":16777215},"10":2,"11":4,"15":"Arial"}">Frequent charging on the road will allow car makers to reduce the size of batteries, and therefore cut the cost of the car while elongating the lifespan of batteries themselves. Batteries are happier when they are not discharged deeply.

What is dynamic charging?

Dynamic charging is wireless charging for electric vehicles as they move, using specially-built roadways. It uses the same principle that governs wireless charging for a smart phone. With dynamic charging, wires located under the road wirelessly transmit electric power to a receiver in the car.

Francisco de Leon IEEE Fellow

Related Questions

Further Reading