Do robotic surgeons operate independently?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Almost all surgical robots are assistive and under the supervision of experienced surgeons, but there are numerous ways that robotic surgeons can help reduce medical errors. "}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":16777215},"10":2,"11":4,"15":"Arial"}">Almost all surgical robots are assistive and under the supervision of experienced surgeons, but there are numerous ways that robotic surgeons can help reduce medical errors.

How do robots help nurses do their jobs in hospitals?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In certain hospitals there are already medication dispensing robots that retrieve the right medication packages for further delivering. This is a very important topic since it helps to reduce the likelihood of human error when delivering medications and respective doses to patients."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":16777215},"10":2,"11":4,"15":"Arial"}">In certain hospitals there are already medication dispensing robots that retrieve the right medication packages for further delivering. This is a very important topic since it helps to reduce the likelihood of human error when delivering medications and respective doses to patients.

How are electronic noses used in healthcare?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Human odor, which results from internal hormonal or metabolic changes, contains biomarkers for certain diseases and reflects the physiological status of an individual. The major sources of human odor are breath, saliva, sweat, skin and urine. Recently, the components of exhaled breath, skin emissions and urine odor have attracted attention as diagnostic biomarkers of diseases and disorders, such as diabetes, liver disease, asthma, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. "}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15105,"3":{"1":0},"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":4868682},"15":"Arial","16":10}">Human odor, which results from internal hormonal or metabolic changes, contains biomarkers for certain diseases and reflects the physiological status of an individual. The major sources of human odor are breath, saliva, sweat, skin and urine. Recently, the components of exhaled breath, skin emissions and urine odor have attracted attention as diagnostic biomarkers of diseases and disorders, such as diabetes, liver disease, asthma, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis.

How are robots used in surgery?

Currently robotic surgery involves surgeons using controllers to perform the operation. Much like playing a video game, the surgeon uses a monitor with controls or a joystick to move the surgical instruments. This allows doctors to perform minimally invasive surgery and limits the impact of procedure, improves outcomes and recovery times. The long-term objective is to move to telesurgery. In theory it would provide more access to specialty surgeons. The challenges to implementing this include latency and the need to have a surgical team with the patient.

Paul Kostek IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Aerospace & Electronics Systems Society, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society

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