How does the development of underwater robots compare to moon rovers or Mars rovers?

<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Developing and operating robots underwater involves many tough challenges reminiscent of those required to operate the lunar or Mars rovers. In both cases, the robots must operate with limited, often non-robust communication capabilities. They must operate in harsh environments which are often less-known beforehand, and must be equipped to deal with complications arising in such environments. The terrain is also often not well-understood prior to the robot’s missions in both these cases."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":16777215},"10":2,"11":4,"15":"Arial"}">Developing and operating robots underwater involves many tough challenges reminiscent of those required to operate the lunar or Mars rovers. In both cases, the robots must operate with limited, often non-robust communication capabilities. They must operate in harsh environments which are often less-known beforehand, and must be equipped to deal with complications arising in such environments. The terrain is also often not well-understood prior to the robot’s missions in both these cases.

How are drones and satellites utilized with precision agriculture?

<span data-sheets-root="1" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Drones and satellites can be used for remote sensing to monitor areas of water stress, pest infiltration or plant health. Drones can further be used for precise irrigation and for the application of fertilizer and pesticides."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":4993,"3":{"1":0},"10":2,"11":4,"12":0,"15":"Arial"}">Drones and satellites can be used for remote sensing to monitor areas of water stress, pest infiltration or plant health. Drones can further be used for precise irrigation and for the application of fertilizer and pesticides.

How do soil sensors work?

Soil sensors measure moisture content and nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in the soil.

How are robots used in agriculture?

Let’s first define “robots” as automated farming equipment, with remote sensing, locomotion and/or other capabilities tied specifically to precision farming. Precision seeding uses automated tractors to reduce waste of seed and optimize spacing of plants to improve the probability of an optimum yield per acre. Many types of automated tractors and other automation are available commercially which work with multiple farming control systems, and integrate with the geographic information system data specific to an agricultural plot.

Shawn Chandler IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Power and Energy Society, IEEE Communications Society

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